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KICKING THE HABIT This booklet is a compilation of nasihat (advice) taken from various discourses of Shaykh Yunus Patel Saheb (Raheemahullah), which has been tremendously beneficial for many sincerely wanting to ‘kick’ their bad habits of smoking, drinking, drug-taking or gambling. The prescriptions found herein will, Insha-Allah , benefit and motivate anyone who reads with an open mind and is keen to give up the bad habits. Kicking-the-Habit_edit.pdf Back to table of contents

Advice to a Drug Addict Shaykh Yunus Patel (Raheemahullah) Since there is glaring evidence all over of the damage that drug taking has done to people both physically and spiritually as well as the adverse and detrimental effects it has on society, I do not wish to emphasise and elaborate on its harms. However, I do request you to take heed and ponder over the following points: Millions to buy health People, everywhere, are found to be spending millions in order to buy health. We have not found anyone spending money to buy ill-health. Millions are spent on health foods, proper diets, exercise equipment and the like to get good health. Not only do people exert themselves physically for good health but, they freely spend their money as well to achieve this. Therefore, consider whether you are buying health or ill health in spending money on drugs. Be it cocaine, crack, heroin or marijuana, ill health is being purchased sometimes at an astronomical cost. Is it not foolish to spend money to buy sickness, disease and ill health? Then consider how ironic it is that the consequences of such expenditure are that you cannot think straight and you indulge in deeds or actions you would never otherwise think of doing in your right frame of mind. Fortunes to buy Respect Then again, consider the many people who are spending fortunes at the doors of courts to buy their respect, which they deem they lost in the form of defamation of character. Such people will be proud and happy when judgment is given in their favour and it is found that indeed they had been defamed, their good character had been tarnished and a bad image had thus been created. Thus, when a person successfully sued for defamation of character, he is rewarded a sum of money – the value and worth of his name and character! All this trouble for what? For his respect and dignity back. If it was due to a newspaper article, then he requests a written apology as well. People spend hundreds of thousands on lavish weddings, birthdays, engagement functions, etc. presidents spend millions of taxpayers' money on inauguration celebrations. All this for what? Name, respect and honour. So, whether justified or not, money is spent to 'buy' respect and honour. Respect What does a drug addict do? He spends his money buying disrespect, distrust, shame, humiliation and disgrace. Who respects a drug addict? Who would like to give his daughter in marriage to a drug addict? How many marriages have ended and how many marriages have ended and how many relationships and friendships have been severed due to the same? As a result of drug addiction, you are not trusted at home… your father hides his cash and your mother hides her jewellery due to the fear that their son would stoop to any level to maintain his drug addiction. Neither are you trusted in the business you work for… your employer will be weary and perpetually on guard due to the same fear. Is this a respectable life?If on the other hand you seek employment and your habit is known, ten you get a straightforward "no" as an answer. Trauma What of the trauma that young and innocent children have to experience and endure, having to contend with a father who has a very, very shameful habit? What of the negative effect this evil addiction has on the education and upbringing of those children? What if they follow suit – take to the same habit and lead the same miserable, unhappy life? What of the stigma that you carry for the rest of your life?... these are the returns on money squandered in supporting a thriving drug market. A friend is one who is concerned about a friend's welfare and health. An enemy desires the destruction of a person's life, health, wealth and respect. So can the 'friend' who encourages you or offers you drugs be called a friend? Nay, he is your enemy. He is encouraging you to destroy your happiness, your marriage, your family, your respect… your life. My advice Whenever you buy drugs, stop. Look at it carefully. Think. Contemplate. Ponder. Reflect: 'if this goes into my system, then what? Then the consequences that follow will be harmful, injurious and detrimental to my health; that same health which is a priceless gift, blessing and bounty of Allah ta'aala and for which I will be accountable on the Day of Qiyaamah. Gratitude What will be my reply when Allah ta'aala will say, "We granted you sound and healthy limbs… hands, feet, eyes, ears, nose, etc. What have you done to express your gratitude for all these gifts?" and what will be my reply when questioned as to how I spent the wealth given to me by Allah ta'aala. Added to this, this drug is most damaging to my respect and dignity in society. I will be denounced and condemned by society because I am another problem to them. Flush it away After having pondered in this manner, throw it into the toilet and flush it away before it flushes more of your health, wealth and respect away. Insha Allah, within a flush or two of a few drugs, a change of company and by attendance of Deeni programmes your habit will be flushed away.Finally, say to the friend who is encouraging you to take drugs: "If you are my friend, then you would not help in the destruction of my body and soul." Drug Myths Myth – Drugging is safe. False! There is no such thing as a safe drug. To abuse a chemical substance of any type is extremely dangerous. Many drug abusers mistakenly assume that they can control and regulate their intake of these substances. On the contrary, it is the drugs that control them. Drugs can turn perfectly normal human beings into immoral, anti-social people and can do serious damage to their health, happiness and relationships. Myth – Drugging is always a good experience False! The effects produced by drugs are unpredictable and highly variable. Myth – Drugging creates comradeship False! People who abuse drugs tend to have distorted values and have trouble forming meaningful relationships with people who don’t take drugs. Myth – Drugging relieves boredom and tension and makes problems disappear False! The false sense of euphoria produced by drugs is very relatively brief and usually ends in a feeling of anti-climax and depression. This in turn produces a craving for another 'euphoric' experience and thus begins the vicious circle of drug dependence. Once addicted, a drug abuser finds it difficult to control his intake and the substance he originally took to solve a problem becomes the worst problem of all. Myth – I am in control False! This is the biggest myth of all. A person who is dependent on drugs cannot cope and does not know what he is doing. He cannot stop any time he wants to. Back to table of contents

THE DAY OF AASHURA (10TH MUHARRAM) & HISTORICAL EVENTS Although the month of Muharram is a sacred month as a whole, the 10th of Muharram is the most sacred among all its days. The day is named 'Aashurah'. It is one of the most important and blessed days of Allah Ta’ala in the Islamic calendar. This day has been accepted as having deep significance. Evidence of its significance has been clearly found in authentic traditions. There are many Prophetic events of great historical importance and also events that happened after the Beloved and Final Messenger of Allah(peace be upon him) had left this world, such as the Battle of Karbala, that have taken place on this day. The importance of the month of Muharram has been mentioned in the Qur’aan in Surah Taubah verse 36. This day of Aashura derives its importance from Prophetic Traditions. In the Ahadeeth (sayings of Rasulullah sallallaho alaihe wassallam) the following have been mentioned: FASTING The Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu-Alayhi-Wasallam) has exhorted and encouraged his Ummah to fast on this day. He said: "This fast is a compensation for the (minor) sins of the past year." < /b>(Hadith:Muslim) The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), when migrated to Madinah, found that the Jews of Madinah used to fast on the 10th day of Muharram. They said that it was the day on which the Prophet Musa (Moses), alayhis salam, and his followers crossed the Red Sea miraculously and the Pharaoh was drowned in its waters. On hearing this from the Jews, the Prophet, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, said, “We are more closely rotated to Musa, alayhi salam, than you,” …and directed the Muslims to fast on the day of ‘Ashura’. ( Hadith-Abu Dawood) "Observe the fast of Aashura and oppose the Jews. Fast a day before it or a day after." (Hadith:Baihaqi) Hence, it is important to either fast on the ninth and the tenth or the tenth and the eleventh of Muharram. To fast only on the day of Aashora is Makrooh(undesirable). BEING GENEROUS One should be generous on one's family and dependants and spend more on them than what is normally spent. Rasulullah (Sallallahu-Alayhi-Wasallam) said: "One who generously spends on his family on the day of Aashora, Allah will increase (his provision) for the whole year." (Hadith:Baihaqi) HISTORICAL EVENTS There is no doubt on the blessedness of the The Day of Aashura. Many historical events of deep significance have also been recorded on this day. Hazrat Musa (as) and his people, the Bani Israel, were saved from the Egyptian Pharaoh by the miracle of the parting of the sea on the day of Ashura. It was for this reason that the Jews used to fast on this day.< o:p> The Tragic battle of Karbala was also fought on this day. This event has many important lessons for the Ummah (Muslim Nation) especially at this point in time when the Ummah is being maliciously targeted and persecuted just because of their attachment and love for Islam- The Religion of Truth. BATTLE OF KARBALA By Abdurrahmaan Umar Close to the end of his life Ameer Muawiyyah bin Abu Sufyaan (RA-Radiallahu Anhu – May Allah be pleased with him) decided to appoint his son Yazid as Khalifa of the Muslims, this was an unprecedented act in the history of Islam. No ruler had prior to this appointed his son or family as successor. Several of the Sahaba (RA) were dissatisfied with this deviation from the standard established by The Meseenger of Allah (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam) and his righteous guided Khalufa. Of the Sahaba (RA) present at that time Abdullah bin Umar, Abdullah bin Abbas and Abdur Rahmaan bin Abu Bakr (RA) opted to accept the reign of Yazid to avoid further bloodshed in the Muslim Ummah. They did not want to see the repeat of conflicts of Siffin and Jamal, which cost many Muslim lives and threw the Ummah into turmoil. Abdullah bin Zubair (RA) took refuge in Makkah and he remained the ruler of Hijaaz (Makkah, Medina and surrounding areas) for a further ten years. The other objector to Yazid becoming the Khalifa was Husain (RA) the youngest son of Hazrat Ali (RA) and Hazrat Fatima (RA). Based on his understanding of the tenets of Islam he understood this to be a deviation from the path of his grandfather, Rasulallah (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam). Husain (RA) escaped from Medina to Makkah when the pressures of the governor, Waleed bin Utba, intensified his efforts to compel Husain (RA) to accept Yazid as the Khalifa of the Muslim Ummah. While in Makkah, he began receiving letters of support from Kufa – encouraging him to come to Kufa where he will find many supporters who will help him oppose Yazid. When the number of letters of support exceeded 10’000, Husain (RA) considered going to Kufa, despite the objections of the other Sahaba (RA). He sent his cousin, Muslim bin Aqeel to investigate the situation. Abdulla bin Abbas and Abdulla bin Umar (RA) tried in vain to dissuade Husain (RA) from leaving the sanctuary of Makkah and going to Kufa. Realising that he would not heed their advice, they tried to convince him to leave his family in Makkah and make the journey with a few of his companions. But Husain (RA) had committed himself to opposing this deviation from the Path of Islam; and was prepared to sacrifice his life and the lives of his family to ensure that the Sunnah (Path of Nabi Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam) is not altered. Shariah had established the rules for Mashwera (Mutual consultation) and had abolished any remnants of monarchy. When the cousin of Hazrat Husain (RA), Muslim bin Aqeel arrived in Kufa he found tremendous support for Husain. Nearly 15’000 supporters gathered to pray with him demonstrating their backing of Husain (RA). Encouraged by this situation, Muslim bin Aqeel wrote back saying the situation was favourable and that Husain (RA) should come to Kufa. But the situation quickly deteriorated when the new governor of Kufa, Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad took power and began persecuting the supporters of Husain eventually killing Muslim bin Aqeel on 9 Dhul-Haij jah 60AH (680 AD) without any resistance from the people of Kufa. Husain (RA) departed for the 1100mk long journey on the 8th Dhul-Hijjah to avoid any conflict in the holy city during Hajj. En-route he heard of the murder of his cousin, Muslim bin Aqeel and of his supporters deserting his cause, but decided to continue to Kufa saying these famous words: "... The death is a certainty for mankind, just like the trace of necklace on the neck of young girls. And I am enamored of my ancestors like eagerness of Yaqoob to Yusuf (AS)... Everyone, who is going to devote his blood for our sake and is prepared to meet Allah, must depart with us..." (Lohouf, By Sayyid ibn Tawoos, Tradition No.72) Two days outside of Kufa Husain’s group were stopped by the vanguard of Yazid’s army – Hurr bin Riyahi, who refused him to continue his journey to Kufa. Husain requested to return to Medina, but that too, was denied. Forced by the army of Hurr, Husain (RA) and his supporters camped in the barren, dry area of Karbala on the 2nd Muharram. The governor of Kufa, Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad ordered Umar bin Sa’ad to lead the army of 5’000 strong against Husain with instructions to initiate the battl e on the 6th of Muharram. With further instructions to prevent Husain from access to water despite the close proximity of the mighty Euphrates river. On the afternoon of the 9th the army of ibn Sa’ad began advancing to attack – Husain (RA) requested them to delay for one day. That night he spent in prayer and devotion; at Fajr he gathered his men and informed them that they faced certain death and if anyone wished to leave they were free to do so. All his supporters, 32 horsemen and 40 foot-soldiers, emphatically opted to stay by his side. Hearing Husain’s emotional call to defend the family of Nabi (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam), Hurr Al- Riyahi, the commande r of one of the enemy battalions left the ranks of Yazid’s army and joined the small group of Husain. Fearing that more people may defect to Husain Umar bin Sa’ad, commander of the army started the battle by firing an arrow saying: "Give evidence before the governor that I was the first thrower." The army attacked with ferocity but were repulsed by the courage of Husain bin Ali (RA) followers. Despite being charged at by infantrymen these brave soldiers of Allah Ta'ala stood their ground and defended the family of Nabi (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam). Husain’s (RA) followers came to bid farewell to him as they plunged into the battle, sacrificing their lives in defense of the grandson of the Master, Rasulallah (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam). Abbas bin Ali (RA) the half-brother of Husain (RA) could not tolerate the suffering of the women and children who had been without water for several days. Penetrating the enemy forces he reached the river and began filling water skins. Laden with water skins and hopelessly outnumbered he made his way back to the camp. The enemy surrounded him determi ned not to let this brave warrior of Islam succeed in getting water to the camp. Before he died, Abbas called out to his brother Husain (RA) asking forgiveness that he could not bring the water. As the day drew to a close, only Husain (RA) remained from the men. Few of the enemy dared attack him, some out of the dread of attacking the grandson of Nabi (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam) others from the fear of his ferocity. Umar bin Sa’ad, commander of Yazid’s forces ordered his men to murder the noble grandson – most were reluctant then Shimr ibn Dhiljawshan advanced to slit the throat of Husain (RA). He severed the head of this noble leader of Islam and placed it on a spear. History will always mark this day &nd ash; 10th of Muharram 60AH (680AD) as the day the noble grandson of the Master Muhammad (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam) gave his life in defense of the established Path of Islam. He would tolerate no deviation from the Shariah (Islamic legal code) or Sunnah. Leaving this world at the age of 57 he became the leader of the youth of Jannah (Paradise). Umar bin Sa’ad ordered his men to gather all the women and children, and to set fire to the tents. The next morning the captives from the family of Nabi (Sallalahu Alaihi wasallam) were marched to Kufa and then to Damascus. In the court of Yazid bin Muawiyyah the heads were displayed and the prisoners were paraded. Zaynab bint Ali (RA) fearlessly condemned Yazid for his actions and eulogised Hazrat Husain (RA). This is a mere recording of events from authentic Sunni sources. Allah is the Best Judge. Allah Ta'ala makes it clear: “That was a people that hath passed away. They shall reap the fruit of what they did, and ye of what ye do! Of their merits there is no question in your case” (Qur’an-Surah Baqarah 2:141 and 2:134) But it leaves us with the profound question: How much are we willing to sacrifice in the defense of Deen, Truth and the laws of Islam. If each of us were willing to make the sacrifice of Hazrat Husain (RA) then there would be no deviation from the True Path. The call is not only to give up our lives in preserving our religion, but to give up our desires in fulfilling the Orders of Allah Ta'ala. www.eislam.co.za

Alcohol Abuse Treatments What Are the Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder? Alcohol use disorder is what doctors call it when you can’t control how much you drink and have trouble with your emotions when you’re not drinking. Some people may think the only way to deal with it is with willpower, as if it’s a problem they have to work through all on their own. But alcohol use disorder is actually considered a brain disease. Alcohol causes changes in your brain that make it hard to quit. Trying to tough it out on your own can be like trying to cure appendicitis with cheerful thoughts. It’s not enough. An important first step is to learn more about your treatments, and there are a lot to choose from. Start With Your Doctor Alcoholism (not a medical term) is a type of alcohol use disorder. Milder cases -- when people abuse alcohol but aren’t dependent on it -- are as well. Your doctor may say you have alcohol use disorder if you: Feel like you have to drink Can’t control how much you drink Feel bad when you can’t drink When you meet with your doctor, talk about your goals. Are you trying to drink less or stop drinking completely? Together, you can start to make a treatment plan. You doctor also can refer you to a treatment center or experts who can help. Treatment Options The one that’s right for you depends on your situation and your goals. Many people find that a combination of treatments works best, and you can get them together through a program. Some of these are inpatient or residential programs, where you stay at a treatment center for a while. Others are outpatient programs, where you live at home and go to the center for treatment. Go to Detox For people who have severe alcohol use disorder, this is a key step. The goal is to stop drinking and give your body time to get the alcohol out of your system. That usually takes a few days to a week. Most people go to a hospital or treatment center because of withdrawal symptoms like: Shaking (tremors) Seeing or feeling things that aren’t really there (hallucinations) Seizures Doctors and other experts can keep an eye on you and give you medicine to help with your symptoms. Source Back to table of contents

Drug Addiction Treatment Therapies: An Overview Why Therapy? The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) outlines several principles of addiction treatment based on data the organization has collected for the past 40 years. These principles aim to improve the odds of success in treatment by ending (or moderating) drug use, lowering the risk of relapse, and allowing the person with addiction to rebuild or restart their lives. These principles include notions like: Addiction is a multifaceted problem, but one that can be treated effectively. Treatment should be directed to the individual person rather than to their drug(s) of choice. Treatment can be helpful even if the client initially goes involuntarily. (Eventually, the client's voluntary participation in treatment will influence their recovery path.) Medications can be an important part of treatment to address drug abuse or the mental health aspects underlying substance use. Counseling and behavioral therapies are highly utilized and the best available treatment options for drug abuse. This final notion is an important one. Many agree that behavioral therapies are an essential element to treat substance use, but with so many options, it can be challenging to know what forms of treatment are available, how they differ, and which is best for the individual. It should also be mentioned that the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) does not believe that there is any one approach that is appropriate for every person. It is important to learn about the different styles of therapy when attempting to find the right program for yourself or someone you love. Types of Addiction Treatment Therapies Addiction treatment therapies include (but are not limited to) the following: Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Contingency Management Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Motivational Interviewing Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) Multidimensional Family Therapy Integrative Approach Person-Centered Therapy Matrix Model Source Back to table of contents

Symptoms By Mayo Clinic Staff Most drug addictions start with experimental use of a drug in social situations. For some people, the drug use becomes more frequent. The risk of addiction and how fast you become dependent varies by drug. Some drugs have a higher risk and cause dependency more quickly than others. As time passes, you may need larger doses of the drug to get high. Soon you may need the drug just to feel good. As your drug use increases, you may find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the drug. Attempts to stop drug use may cause intense cravings and make you feel physically ill (withdrawal symptoms). Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors include, among others: Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — this can be daily or even several times a day Having intense urges for the drug Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because of drug use Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug Focusing more and more time and energy on getting and using the drug Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug Recognizing drug abuse in family members Sometimes it's difficult to distinguish normal teenage moodiness or angst from signs of drug use. Possible indications that your teenager or other family member is using drugs include: Problems at school or work — frequently missing school or work, a sudden disinterest in school activities or work, or a drop in grades or work performance Physical health issues — lack of energy and motivation Neglected appearance — lack of interest in clothing, grooming or looks Changes in behavior — exaggerated efforts to bar family members from entering his or her room or being secretive about where he or she goes with friends; or drastic changes in behavior and in relationships with family and friends Spending money — sudden requests for money without a reasonable explanation; or your discovery that money is missing or has been stolen or that items have disappeared from your home, indicating maybe they're being sold to support drug use Recognizing signs of drug use or intoxication Signs and symptoms of drug use or intoxication may vary, depending on the type of drug. READ MORE HERE Back to table of contents

What Causes Drug Abuse in Young Women? Between the ages of 8 and 22, girls become young women. In these years, they are maturing both physically and mentally. They are forming their identity, a sense-of-self, and self-worth. These adolescent years are the most significant years of development, years critical to a young woman’s health and success later down the road. Unfortunately, adolescence and young adulthood are also times of great susceptibility. Girls are transitioning from middle school to high school, and for the first time, are experiencing many social pressures, physical changes, and stronger desires to fit in. A recent study by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University revealed that girls and young women commonly initiate substance abuse during these crucial years. Often, their reasons for trying drugs are tied to the stress and pressures experienced in this transitional period. Sometimes, the causes of drug use in young women are rooted much deeper. The study proved that the reasons for early drug use among females are very pronounced in young womanhood and widely different than the causes of drug abuse among young men. The study also showed that females, on average, actually become dependent faster and suffer the consequences of drugs sooner than males. Even more, young women are at greater risk of drug abuse and addiction. Why do girls and young women use drugs in adolescence? What are the risk factors for drug use in females? And what steps can we, as parents and educators, take to prevent it? The following seven factors are the leading causes of drug abuse in girls and young women. 1. Depression and Mental Illnesses Depression in adolescent girls is not uncommon. Over one-third of high school girls reports regular feelings of sadness or hopelessness. These girls are likelier than boys to consider (23.6 percent vs. 14.2 percent) and attempt (11.2 percent vs. 6.2 percent) suicide. Substance abuse and mental illnesses such as depression often go hand-in-hand. Young women who are depressed and suicidal often self-medicate with drugs of abuse, increasing their risk of drug addiction. 2. History of Trauma Among all adolescents in drug treatment, nearly twice as many girls as boys report sexual or physical abuse in their lifetime. Girls who have been physically or sexually abused are also twice as likely to smoke, drink, and use drugs than those who were not abused in childhood. 3. Stress and Inability to Cope While males tend to externalize their stress with aggression and delinquency, females have a tendency to internalize their reactions to stress. In most cases of severe stress, young women become depressed and withdrawn. According to the survey, 41 percent of young women report their inability to cope with stress as the main reason for using drugs. Stressful life events may include a death or illness in family or friends, parental divorce, changes in school or relationships, and moving from home to home. 4. Low Self-Esteem Low self-confidence frequently accompanies the teenage years. This is especially true among girls. Body-image and social image are often top priorities for high school girls who want to fit in. They associate weight loss with beauty and popularity. They associate drinking, drug use, and smoking with being sexy, trendy, and cool. They believe that drugs are the answer to their problems. Teenage girls with low self-confidence are twice as likely as those with higher self-confidence to report drug use. Not only are high school girls more than double as likely to diet and engage in unhealthy weight-related behaviors than boys, but they are also more likely to use drugs or alcohol to try to control their weight. 5. Social Pressures One study found that many teenage girls initiate drug use to fit in with their peers. Another study of 11 to 13-year old girls revealed that the most “popular” girls believe they are under even more pressure to smoke, drink, and try drugs. According to the report, the more friends a girl has who smoke, drink, or use drugs; the likelier she is to do so herself. If five of her close friends drink alcohol, she is over seven times likelier to drink. 6. Academic Pressures High school is undoubtedly a time of great academic pressure for young women. It is the time that matters most for colleges, and the time in which students come to a new, mature level of learning. Yet academics and substance abuse can easily (and dangerously) intertwine. Teens who get A’s and B’s in school are at half the risk of drug use as teens who have poor school performance. 7. Lack of Parent-Child Communication One of the greatest things a parent can do to prevent their daughter’s drug use is simply to communicate. If you believe your teenager is at risk of using drugs, talk to her about the consequences of drug abuse and her options. Teach her how to say no. Educate her about the risks of substance abuse. Research has proven that the majority of girls who have conversations with their parents about drinking or drug use are reportedly less likely to smoke, drink, or use drugs. Over 50 percent of these girls reported that these conversations helped them learn new things about alcohol or illegal drugs that they did not already know. A lack of communication or relationship between a girl and her parents, however, can lead to earlier initiation of alcohol use and a greater likelihood of drug abuse in young women. Young women who abuse drugs do so for significantly different reasons than mean. While men use drugs for sensation or social purposes, females are likelier to use drugs to cope with problems, relieve negative feelings, reduce tension, boost confidence, enhance sex and lose weight. For these very reasons, gender-specific treatment is a necessary consideration when considering treatment programs for your daughter. Source Back to table of contents

Possible Underlying Causes Causes of Drug Addiction - What Causes Drug Addiction? Drug addiction refers to the compulsive and repeated use of increasing amounts of drugs with the appearance of withdrawal symptoms when drug use ceases. While the specific causes of drug addiction are not known, genetic, psychological and environmental factors are thought to play a significant role. Rather than a single cause of drug addiction, it is likely multiple factors lead to drug addiction in any given person. Some drug addicts also identify drug use and ignorance as a cause of drug addiction. Often, if a person is dealing with pain-management issues, the drug they receive, like oxycodone, can be very addictive. The ignorance of the drug's addiction potential, along with the physical pain of the condition, becomes a cause of drug addiction. Psychological Causes of Drug Addiction While biological causes of drug addiction have been suggested, many people still believe psychological factors comprise the bulk of what causes drug addiction. Some of the psychological causes of drug addiction appear to stem from trauma, often when the drug addict is young. Sexual or physical abuse, neglect, or chaos in the home can all lead to psychological stress, which people attempt to "self-medicate" (decrease the stress's pain through drug use). This self-medication becomes a cause of drug addiction.1 Other psychological causes of drug addiction include: A mental illness such as depression Inability to connect with others, lack of friends Poor performance at work or school Poor stress coping skills Environmental Causes of Drug Addiction A person's environment can be part of what causes drug addiction. Drug addiction is more common in environments where drug abuse is seen or where it's seen as permissible. Children who grow up in homes with drug addicts often become drug addicts themselves. Because most drug use starts in adolescence (read: teenage drug abuse). Those with inattentive, abusive or neglectful parents are more prone to drug abuse. One cause of drug addiction can be the combination of drug experimentation with the lack of parental oversight. Other environmental factors that can be causes of drug abuse include: Participation in a sport where performance-enhancing drugs are encouraged A peer group that uses or promotes drug use People of lower socioeconomic status are at greater risk of drug addiction Gender and ethnicity contribute to addiction of some drugs Genetic Causes of Drug Addiction Drug addiction tends to run in families, indicating genetics may have a role in causing drug addiction. In fact, in studies of twins it appears half of someone's risk of becoming addicted to drugs is genetic.2 Genetic causes of drug addiction appear to involve multiple gene sequences and science has not yet been able to pinpoint all the genes involved. However, it is known some genes, like those involved in brain receptors of nicotine, contribute to the cause of drug addiction. article references Source Back to table of contents

Medical Aspect Defining Addiction, Dependence and Abuse From: Exposure to Psychotropic Medications and Other Substances during Pregnancy and Lactation: A Handbook for Health Care Providers No clear line indicates when substance use becomes a problem that is severe enough to need treatment. However, the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) includes substance-related disorders as one of the classes of mental disorders. Many clinicians use the DSM-IV’s diagnostic criteria for substance abuse and substance dependence to help screen for substance use problems. These criteria are listed below. Addiction versus dependenceThe definitions of “addiction” and “dependence” have evolved over the last few decades, and continue to be debated. Addiction Addiction is a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease with genetic, psychosocial and environmental factors that influence its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviours that include one or more of the following: loss of control over drug use continued use despite harm compulsive use and craving. The four Cs of addiction1Feature Typical statements Loss of Control over use “Every time I try to limit my use to only once a week, I end up using every day.” “I try to limit myself to one drink per day but once I start, I can’t seem to stop until I pass out.” Continued use despite knowledge of harmful Consequences “I know my drug use caused my HIV but I can’t stop using.” “I have to stop using because my life is out of control, but using is the only option for me.” Compulsion to use “All I do is think about how I am going to score.” “No matter what I do, I can’t get drugs out of my mind and I feel I have to use and use a lot. Once I want to use, it is like I am on autopilot and I just have to use. I’ll do anything to get drugs.” Craving “It’s like a physical drive or urge to use. I want it from the pit of my stomach; I get sweaty just thinking about it. At times, these urges come out of nowhere, or I get them when I meet my using buddies, pass the corner where my dealer hangs out or am feeling down.” There are several theories of addiction, but the most compelling one views it as a multifactorial disease caused by predisposing and precipitating factors.2 This view describes the disease as the interaction between host (i.e., the person who is addicted to the substance), agent (i.e., the drug) and environmental determinants (i.e., social determinants of health), affected by a vector (e.g., a person or an industry that promotes the drug and/or creates conducive conditions for its increased use and the subsequent harm associated with that use).3 And there is emerging evidence that the neurobiology of addiction provides the basis for understanding why people have great difficulty remaining abstinent, even years after withdrawal is overcome.4-6 Physical dependencePhysical dependence is often thought to be the thing that defines addiction, but this is not always necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of substance dependence. Nevertheless, understanding the components of physical dependence is important because discontinuation of some substances requires clinical management. The two related observable phenomena that comprise physical dependence are tolerance and withdrawal. ToleranceTolerance is due to compensatory changes, such as downregulation and desensitization, in the number and sensitivity of central nervous system receptors. Over time, these changes compel a person to take more of the drug to achieve the same effect; or if the person maintains the same level and pattern of consumption, she stops experiencing the desired effect. The time it takes to develop tolerance to the various effects of a given drug differs considerably. WithdrawalWithdrawal is a specific syndrome that often begins within a few hours of stopping a drug. This occurs because the downregulation of receptors leads to unstable neurotransmission. These receptors take days or weeks to normalize with abstinence, creating a constellation of symptoms and signs that are opposite to the drug’s main effect. The acute withdrawal for most drugs starts within a half-life of the drug, peaks within three to five half-lives of the drug and then resolves within a week or two at most; however, this is often followed by intense cravings for the drug, dysphoric mood and other symptoms that can lead to relapse. Substance-related disordersThe DSM-IV-TR7 classifies substance-related disorders as substance use disorders (which are further categorized as either substance dependence and substance abuse) or substance-induced disorders. The criteria for substance use disorders follow. DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance dependence A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period: tolerance, as defined by either of the following: a. a need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect b. markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: a. the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance . . . b. the same (or a closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended there is a persistent desire or [there are] unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use a great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance (e.g., visiting multiple doctors or driving long distances), use the substance (e.g., chain smoking), or recover from its effects important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (e.g., current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression, or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption). DSM-IV-TR criteria for substance abuse A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use) recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct) continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights) B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for substance dependence for this class of substance.* *Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Copyright 2000. American Psychiatric Association. References Graham, A.W., Schultz, T.K., Mayo-Smith, M.F., Ries, R.K. & Wilford, B.B. (Eds.). (2003). Principles of Addiction Medicine (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Society of Addiction Medicine. Volkow, N.D. & Li, T.K. (2005). Drugs and alcohol: Treating and preventing abuse, addiction and their medical consequences. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 108 (1), 3–17. Volkow, N.D. (2005). What do we know about drug addiction? American Journal of Psychiatry, 162 (8), 1401–1402. Hyman, S.E. (2005). Addiction: A disease of learning and memory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162 (8), 1414–1422. Hyman, S.E. & Malenka, R.C. (2001). Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 2 (10), 695–703. Hyman, S.E., Malenka, R.C. & Nestler, E.J. (2006). Neural mechanisms of addiction: The role of reward-related learning and memory. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 29, 565–598. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Back to table of contents

The Alcohol & Drug Abuse: The American Scene And The Islamic Perspective Written by Dr. Shahid Athar In Pakistan the first known case of heroin addiction was recorded in 1980. In 1981, there were only 25 cases recorded. By 1986 there were half a million cases. Now it is estimated the Lhercarebetween 1-1.5 million cases in a population of 95 million. The rate of growth of narcotic addiction in Pakistan is higher than that of USA. In addition to heroin addicts, there are about 1 million opium and hashish users, and 300,000 tranquillizer abusers. The actual number of alcoholics is difficult to determine, since they usually don't seek treatment. There are only 26 rehabilitation centers and 10,000 trained social workers. By comparison, in the USA with a population of 220 million, there are 15 milllion alcoholics, 2 million heroin addicts, 5.5 million cocaine users, 6 million tranquilizer abusers and 18 million regularly use marijuana. There are 700 treatment centers. There are 10,000 kids (children born to cocaine mothers). The cost of drug treatment to the nation (USA) is $117 billion per year. In 1986 congress allotted only $2.5 billion to control drug traffic, a $110 billion industry. The value of cocaine seized at the borders in 1985 was $70 million (5 million in 1981) and marijuana $70 million (2 million in 1981). Next to Columbia, the USA is the second biggest producer of marijuana. In addition to morbidity, the alcohol and drug scene is closely connected to the crime rate. In 1985 alone 800,000 arrests were made for drug violations (compared to 400,000 in 1973). Of the 523,000 inmates in the U.S. prisons, one-third admitted drinking alcohol before committing the felony. Of the 50,000 auto accidents deaths annually, 23,000 are related to acute alcoholism, 5,000 being teenagers. In addition about 1500,000 arrests occur annually in traffic violation due to alcoholism. In addition great man made disasters have taken place due to one man's alcohol indulgence i.e. the captain of the Exxon tanker in Alaska. No wonder, the ethics committee in US congress was so careful in choosing the Defence Secretary. One third of all 75,000 AIDS cases are occurring in IV drug abusers or their partners. 54%,of drug related AIDS are in heterosexual men, 16% in women, 20% in homosexual men, 8% in partners of drug users and 3% in children born to mothers with drug abuse or whose partner was drug abuser. The alcohol and drug abuse in children as young as 5 is increasing at an alarming rate. In addition to alcohol, marijuana, heroin and cocaine, the other drugs abused are an angel dust (PCP), speed, MDMA (estacy), china white, MPTP, tranquilizers and anabolic steroids. Let us discuss some of the medical aspects of these drugs in brief. Marijuana: Has 400 known chemicals, 61 of them affect the brain, the THC or delta 9 Tetrahydro Cannabinol is the most active ingredient. Marijuana impairs memory, concentration and reading capacity. Increases anxiety, apprehension and fear. It damages heart and lung. It lowers testosterone (male hormone) and sperm count and affects the outcome of pregnancy. It is more carcinogenic than cigarettes. Cocaine: A potent brain stimulant, was initially thought to be harmless, thus added to the soft drink (coke) in 1900. When given intravenously, it produces intense high and intense low (depression), hallucination, convulsion, cardiac arrest and death. Heroin: (Opium) morphine derivative. Usually injected by needle, but can be snorted or smoked. It is highly addictive with intensely withdrawal. Overdose results in death. Amphetamines: Are "pep pills" to fight fatigue and stay awake, suppress appetite, and stimulates heart and central nervous system. Dangerous in large doses and can cause psychological addiction. Barbiturates: Are used to overcome intense high and produce sleep. It can be fatal when used with alcohol. LSD (Acid): It is a powerful hallucinogen, can cause psychotic reaction and mental breakdown. New Drugs: MDMA (estacy) is LSD + Cocaine, causes disorientation initially but leads to permanent brain damage. China White is 1,000 times more potent than heroin. MPTP causes Parkinsonism (brain damage). Alcohol: Alcohol damages all organs of the body in due course. It damages liver (cirrhosis), causes stomach bleeding (ulcer), heart (cardiomyopathy), sex hormones and the immune system. Its effect on the brain can be acute (intoxication, delirium) or chronic (ataxia, memory loss, coordination). It is linked to breast cancer and fetal damage in women. But it is violence, homicide, suicide and drunk driving which takes most lives. Prorile of An Alcoholic And Drug Abuser: Instead of writing at length the problems of drugs and alcohol in youths of America, which cost the nation billions of dollars, and cost mothers their sons and dauqhters (MADD), I think it will be bette if I print an autobiography of one of my patients (19 years old, white female, upper class, name withheld). She writes ... "When I was in high school, my friends and I began to experiment with marijuana. After the excitement of smoking pot became "old hat", we began to try different drugs - such as hash and THC. Pretty soon cocaine and LSD were introduced to us and it was common place to go to any party "high" on one or more of these drugs. Several times, I had very frightening experiences. Specifically one night, after taking LSD I went home (to my parent's home) before my"high" was over. Usually, I stayed overnight with a friend who "tripped" with me. On this night, my boyfriend and I broke up right after I took the LSD, so I went home alone. Mv parents were asleep in the next room and I felt that I had to be very quiet, so as not to wake them. I was afraid to make any noise , plus I was upset over the breakup of my relationship with my boyfriend. When the LSD took effect, I was very frightened. The walls looked as though they were melting: I heard strange noises; I hallucinated, even after closing my eyes. The sights were very unpleasant and frightening images. But l couldn't do anything but lie in bed, waiting for the drug to wear off. I didn't think I could tell my parents, since I knew I had taken an illegal and dangerous drug- I was awake nearly all night, scared to death with no one to talk to. For days after this incident, I was nervous and jumpy and depressed. The incident was a major shock to my system and one that I would never want to repeat. I stopped taking "drugs" immediately after my senior year in high school- (I had only discovered drugs at the beginning of the school year). But, I guess the stage was set off for my future reactions. Drugs did not help- they were just for fun at first - but then once the "high" was gone, there was a real "let down" feeling that followed. So we'd either do more drugs or drink a few beers to make that feeling go away. Even now, whenever I get down or "stressed out"- the first thing I do is have a few drinks. The day after is always unpleasant if I have had too many drinks - so the opportunity for a vicious cycle is there. I honestly believe that the "harmless" experiments with marijuana, several years ago, may have been the start of this tendency to turn to alcohol today. The bottom line is, I'd be a hundred times better off today - happier and wealthier if drugs had never entered my life years ago. The Islamic Perspective: The objectives of Islamic divine laws are the protection of faith (belief in one God), life ( abortion. suicide, homicide), property (ownership) and the mind (intoxicants). Normally in the brain there is an inhibitory control which tells us not to engage in shameful or wrongful acts. Any suppressant drug including alcohol will suppress this nerve pathways and take away such restraint. Ability to make a judgement, to protect the body or honor, a quality for humans is taken away under the influence of drugs. There are two main features of Islamic prohibitions: a) lslam stops the wrong at the inception and not at the end. There is nothing like safe drinking age, or safe drugs to get high. Most of the teenage alcoholics don't buy the alcohol from the store but get it at home. Islam makes equal laws for both children and parents by prohibiting completely (total abstinence), but the West does not. It is for this reason, the West has been crippled to handle the problem of drugs and alcohol, because it has made duel standards. b) Islam blocks all the avenues to the wrong. Therefore not only illicit sex is prohibited, but casual mixing of sexes freely is prohibited, but obscenity and pornography is prohibited, and in the same context, not only drinking wine is prohibited, but making it , selling it, keeping it, or even growing grapes for the sole purpose of selling it to winery for making wine is prohibited by the Prophet (PBUH). Some 1400 years ago, Allah(swt), our creator and sustainer, who cares for us, sent down following revelation in the following order, mentioned in Quran. Al Baqarah 2:219: "They ask you concerning wine and gambling." Say: "In them there is great sin, and some profit, for men, but sin is greater than the profit." Al-Nisa 4:43: "O you who believe! Approach not prayers, with a mind befogged, until you can understand all that you say." Al-Ma'idah 5:93: "O you who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divinations by) arrows, are an abomination of Satan's handiwork: Avoid such (abomination) that you may prosper." Al-Ma'idah 5:93: "Satan's plan is to sow enmity and hatred among you with intoxicants and gambling, and to hinder you from the remembrance of Allah and from prayer. Will you not then give up." The above verses came over period of years and when the last verse came, Muslims threw away all the wine into the streets and stopped completely in whatever state they were in, and streets of Medina were flowing with wine. Sayings of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) and about wine and other intoxicants. 1. "Every intoxicant is khamr, and every khamr is haram (unlawful)- reported by Muslim. 2. "Of that which intoxicates in a large amount, a small amount is haram" (Ahmad, Abu-Daud and Al-Tirrnizi,). 3. "Khamar (intoxicants) is the mother of all evils". Reported in Bukhari. The solutions: There are no easy solutions. In fact it is a multifactorial problem and each aspect should be addressed individually, and seriously, both by the government and by the public. While the total ban on production, import and export is the ideal solution to create a drug free society, by experience (i.e. in the USA with total ban on alcohol in 1920's) it is difficult to achieve unless strict laws are made and enforced on drug producers, traffickers and offenders, a law, that sees distinction between the helpless victim and a powerful drug Lord. Our current system punishes the former and spares the latter. Islam offers such tough laws to influence our morality and health. While we are trying to do these, we in the mean time should pay more attention to the needs of the victim by the education of the masses, social workers, law enforcements agencies and the physicians at the same time developing treatment and rehab centers in large scale as human sufferings continues to grow and son, daughters, husbands and fathers are being lost daily. All these require motivation and commitment from all of us. It is beyond the dignity of a human being to become dependent on alcohol and drugs and not be able to serve himself, his family and his creator in the best possible manner. Back to table of contents

More Information on the Islamic Stance Islam and Drugs Islam & Alcohol Back to table of contents

Islamic Stance on use of Alcohol and Drugs Allah (SWT) says in Quran : O you who believe ! Intoxicants ( all kinds ofalcoholic drinks), and gambling, and Al Ansab, and Al Azlam ( arrows for seekingluck or decision) are an abomination of Shaitan’s handiwork. So avoid (strictlyall) that (abomination) in order that you may be successful. (Surah Al-Maidahv90.) Admonition and warnings of consuming alcohol in Ahaadeeth There are two ways to learn, the easy way and the hard way. The hard way ispersonal experience, after falling into the trap and after destroying one’slife, one realises what he has done was wrong, but in many cases it is verydifficult to resolve. The easiest way is the way of Islam, which we have beentaught by Rasulullah (SAW). Here are a few Ahadeeth in regards to the admonitionand warnings of alcohol: Abdullah bin Umar (RA) narrates that Rasulullah (SAW) said, “Every intoxicantis ‘khamr’ and every intoxicant is Haraam (prohibited). Whosoever drinks ‘khamr’is this world and dies in the state that one was habituated to it and did notrepent from such a sin, this person will not drink it in the Hereafter.”(Muslim) Jabir (RA) narrates that a man came from Yemen and asked Nabi (SAW) about adrink which they drank where they drank in Yemen, which was called ‘miraz’. Nabi(SAW) replied, “Does it intoxicate?” He replied, “Yes.” Rasulullah (SAW) thenreplied’ “Every intoxicant is Haraam (prohibited). Allah ta’aala has made apromise that whosoever drinks an intoxicant, Allah ta’aala will make him drinkfrom ’Teenatul-Khabaal’.” They (the Sahabah – RA) said, “Oh Rasulullah! What is‘Teenatul- Khabaal’?” He replied, “The sweat or pus of the people of Jahannan(Hell).” (Muslim) We realise from these Ahadeeth that alcohol and drugs are a very serious issuefor the Islamic work. We as Muslims are very lucky that we have been warned ofits consequences. In another Hadeeth: Abdullah Ibn Umar (RA) narrates that Rasulullah (SAW) said, “Whosoever drinksintoxicants, his salaah will not be accepted for forty days. If he repents,Allah ta’aala will accept his repentance. If he continues to do so, he is givenrespite until the fourth time, where he will not be forgiven, i.e. Allah ta’aalawill not give him the ability to repent, and he will be made to drink from ‘Nahrul-Khabaal’. Abdullah Ibn Umar (RA) narrates that Rasulullah (SAW) said, “A disobedientperson, a gambler, a person who boasts of favours and a constantly intoxicatedperson will not enter Jannah (Paradise).” Ibn Abbas (RA) narrates that Rasulullah (SAW) said, “If a person who ishabited to ‘Khamr” dies, this person will meet Allah ta’aala as a ‘Aabid-wathn’(idol-worshipper). Reasons for adopting and consuming alcohol and drugs People use drugs for enjoyment and fun- we are witnessing the ‘now.com’generation using ecstasy and speed in their pursuit for happiness, or to escapethe pain and suffering of their lives – a ‘time-out’ from the pressures theyendure to confirm and fit in. One article in the Saudi Arabian papers stated that the prime reasons for thespreading of alcohol and drugs are: 1. Bad Company: We either do not know what bad company is, or we think we haveto hang around with them (people of bad influence). What is bad company? Suchcompany that increases even one sin in a person is considered as bad company.Staying with the drug addicts is bad company. 2. Affluence: The second reason for drug expansion is affluence, excessivespending of money. We do not budget, we have no sense of responsibility when itcomes to spending. If we were to budget, half of our problems would be solved,because a lot of haraam actions involves spending money on drugs, cigarettes,etc. so cut out all haraam and unwanted cost and we will be solving most of ourproblems. 3. Self ego: The attitude that I want to be champion and a leader amongst myfriends and peers. 4. Peer pressure: Surveys show that 60% have drugs due to peer pressure and solepleasure. Remember the saying of Umar Farooq (RA), “Take account of yourselves beforeyou are accounted for.” What are the effects of drugs? They impair decision-making ability leading to irresponsible behaviour. UthmanIbn Affaan (RA) said, “Intoxicants are the key to all evils.” A man was onceasked either to tear up a copy of the Qur’an, kill a child, bow in worship to anidol, drink a cup of alcohol or sleep with a woman. He thought the lesser wrongwould be to drink the cup of alcohol, and he did. Hence this caused him to sleepwith a woman, kill a child, tear up a copy of the Qur’an and bow down in worshipto an idol. Other effects of drugs are: 1. They cause harm to the body; 2. They cause moral insensitivity; 3. They weaken will power; 4. They cause the user to turn to crime to pay for drugs. May Allah ta’aala safeguard us all, especially the youth against the evil ofthis fast-flowing disease that is polluting our environment and surroundings.Aameen. Mufti Yusuf Danka Al-Kauthar Source Back to table of contents

What Is Addiction? Addiction is a condition that results when a person ingests a substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, nicotine) or engages in an activity (e.g., gambling, sex, shopping) that can be pleasurable but the continued use/act of which becomes compulsive and interferes with ordinary life responsibilities, such as work, relationships, or health. Users may not be aware that their behavior is out of control and causing problems for themselves and others. The word addiction is used in several different ways. One definition describes physical addiction. This is a biological state in which the body adapts to the presence of a drug so that drug no longer has the same effect, otherwise known as a tolerance. Because of tolerance, the biological reaction of withdrawal occurs [when] the drug is discontinued. Another form of physical addiction is the phenomenon of overreaction by the brain to drugs (or to cues associated with the drugs). An alcoholic walking into a bar, for instance, will feel an extra pull to have a drink because of these cues. However, most addictive behavior is not related to either physical tolerance or exposure to cues. People compulsively use drugs, gamble, or shop nearly always in reaction to being emotionally stressed, whether or not they have a physical addiction. Since these psychologically based addictions are not based on drug or brain effects, they can account for why people frequently switch addictive actions from one drug to a completely different kind of drug, or even to a non-drug behavior. The focus of the addiction isn't what matters; it's the need to take action under certain kinds of stress. Treating this kind of addiction requires an understanding of how it works psychologically. When referring to any kind of addiction, it is important to recognize that its cause is not simply a search for pleasure and that addiction has nothing to do with one's morality or strength of character. Experts debate whether addiction is a "disease" or a true mental illness, whether drug dependence and addiction mean the same thing, and many other aspects of addiction. Such debates are not likely to be resolved soon. But the lack of resolution does not preclude effective treatment. Source Back to table of contents

Introduction Addictions come in many forms. Some of the most common addictions involve smoking, drugs, alcohol, pornography, gambling, video gaming, food, shopping, and even work. Some say addictions are a choice, others say they are a disease, others highlight how addictions are created by various industries, yet others look for correlations between various addictions and pre-existing psychological conditions, family structures, and/or the socio-economic position of addicts. Regardless of cause, addictions certainly have a major effect on people, families, communities and nations - they are very difficult to deal with. Insha'Allah, in this thread we explore drug and alcohol addictions, provide some insight into the problem, offer some hope to those most affected by it and most importantly, show the Islamic perspective on the issue. Back to table of contents

Types of Talaq Explained Q. can you explain fully one two and three divorces and the conditions resulting from them. kindly give a detailed explanation. (Question published as received) A. According to Shariah, there are three types of divorces: Talaaq e Raje’ (revocable divorce) Talaaq e Baain (irrevocable divorce) Talaaq e Mughallazah (permanent and final divorce) TALAAQ E RAJE’ Talaaq e Raje’ is a type of divorce wherein the husband divorces his wife using the words of divorce. For example, he says, “Talaaq”, “I give you Talaaq”, “I divorce you”, or “You are divorced”. It is important to mention that these words are so serious that even if a husband uttered the words of divorce jokingly and without the intention of divorce, the divorce will take effect. Once the husband utters the words of divorce, the wife becomes divorced and has to observe Iddah (waiting period). The duration of the Iddah is three menstrual cycles for a woman who experiences menses or three months for a woman who does not experience menses or until child birth for a pregnant woman. During the Iddah period, it is possible for the couple to reconcile without requiring a new Nikah. The husband may revoke his divorce by verbally taking her back for example, he says to her, “I take you back in my Nikah”. If the husband is intimate with his wife during the Iddah period it is also considered as a revocation of the divorce. If the husband does not revoke the divorce during the Iddah period, the divorce becomes final and the marriage ends. Therefore, if the couple wish to get back together (after the Iddah period has lapsed), they can only do so by performing a new Nikah. TALAAQ E BAAIN Talaaq e Baain is an irrevocable divorce where the husband uses such words or phrases to divorce his wife that hold the possibility of divorce. For example, the husband tells his wife “Pack your bags and get out” or “You are no longer my wife”. Talaaq e Baain will only take effect if the husband utters these words with the intention of divorce. If he uttered these words out of anger without the intention of divorce, Talaaq will not take effect. Once the husband issues his wife a Talaaq e Baain, she has to observe Iddah. If the couple wish to get back together (during or after the Iddah), they can only do so by performing a new Nikah. The Iddah duration will be the same as explained above in Talaaq e Raje’. TALAAQ E MUGHALLAZAH Talaaq e Mughallazah is when the husband issues three divorces to his wife. Once the husband issues his wife three divorces, the divorce immediately becomes final and the marriage terminates. Thereafter, the couple may not reconcile even if they perform a new Nikah. To issue three Talaaqs at once is a major sin due to its dire ramifications. It cannot be stressed enough of how cautious husbands must be in using the words of Talaaq. Talaaq may only be used as a last resort, after all attempts at saving the marriage have failed. And Allah Ta’ala Knows Best Mufti Ismaeel Bassa Confirmation: Mufti Ebrahim Desai (The answer hereby given is specifically based on the question asked and should be read together with the question asked. Islamic rulings on this Q&A newsletter are answered in accordance to the Hanafi Fiqh.) Fatwa Department Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) Council of Muslim Theologians

When one greets his Muslim brother with salaam, he benefits him in three ways: 1) He makes duaa for him that Allah Ta’ala keep him in peace. Salaam is a greeting of peace. 2) He reminds him that Allah Ta’ala is with him and watching him at all times. ‘Salaam’ is the name of Allah Ta’ala. 3) He informs him that when he has greeted him with the greeting of peace, he is certainly his well-wisher and he will not harm him in any way (neither verbally, physically or in any other way). Ihyaauddeen.co.za

Part Eight Jihaad: Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) had mentioned, “I participated in the Battle of Badr at a time when I had only one strand of hair on my face. Later on, Allah Ta‘ala blessed me with a beard. (ibn Sa’d 3/105, Siyar A’laam min Nubalaa 3/62) Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) had participated in the Battles of Badr and Uhud, and he was among the Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) who remained firm with Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) during the Battle of Uhud when (the enemy attacked from the rear and killed many Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum), due to which there was much confusion and) many Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) turned away from the battlefield. Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) also participated in the Battle of Khandaq (the Trench), the expedition of Hudaibiyah, the Battle of Khaibar and the Conquest of Makkah Mukarramah. During the Conquest of Makkah Mukarramah, Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) was carrying one of the three flags of the Muhaajireen. He had participated in all the expeditions of Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam). From among the Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) of Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam), he was among those Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) who were well-skilled in archery. (ibn Sa’d 3/105) Hazrat ‘Abdullah bin Mas‘ood (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) mentioned, “I saw Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) during the Battle of Badr. He was fighting like a horseman among those on foot.” (ibn Sa’d 3/104, Siyar A’laam min Nubalaa 3/63) Hazrat Sa’eed bin Musayyib (rahimahullah) says that he heard Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) mention that Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) had made special du‘aa for him (during the Battle of Uhud) saying, “May my father and mother be sacrificed for you!” (ibn Sa’d 3/104) Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) narrates, “During the Battle of Uhud, I saw two men wearing white clothing, one on the right and one on the left of Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam). They were defending Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) from the kuffaar most valiantly and fiercely. I never saw them before that nor did I see them after that (in the narration of Muslim Shareef, it is mentioned that these were the angels, Hazrat Jibraa’eel and Hazrat Meekaa’eel (‘alaihimas salaam).” (Musnad Ahmed #1471, Saheeh Muslim #2306) Source: Whatisislam.co.za

wa'alaykumus salaam Brother, the references are there and you can check out al-miftah as well. The link is there

Misconceptions Pertaining to the Month of Muharram By Mufti Taqi Uthmaani Muharram is the month with which the Muslims begin their lunar Hijrah Calendar. It is one of the four sanctified months about which the Holy Quran says, “The number of the months according to Allah is twelve months (mentioned) in the Book of Allah on the day in which He created heavens and the earth. Among these (twelve months) there are four sanctified”. In the Shariah of our Noble Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam the sanctity of these months was upheld and the Holy Quran referred to them as the “sanctified months”. One of the more serious misconceptions about the month of Muharram is that it is an evil or unlucky month, for Sayyiduna Husain Radhiyallahu Anhu was killed in it. It is for this misconception that people avoid holding marriage ceremonies in the month of Muharram. This is again a baseless concept which is contrary to the express teachings of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Such superstitions have been totally negated by the Holy Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam. If the death of an eminent person in a particular day renders that day unlucky for all times to come, one can hardly find a day, free from this bad luck, out of 360 days of the whole year, because each and every day has a history of the demise of some eminent person. The Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam have made us free from such superstitious beliefs, and they should deserve no attention. Another wrong practice related to this month is to hold the lamentation and mourning ceremonies in the memory of martyrdom of Sayyiduna Husain Radhiyallahu Anhu. As mentioned earlier, the event of Karbala is one of the most tragic events of our history, but the Holy Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam has forbidden us from holding the mourning ceremonies on the death of any person. The people of jahiliyyah (ignorance) used to mourn over their deceased through loud lamentations, by tearing their clothes and by beating their cheeks and chests. The Holy Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam stopped the Muslims from doing all this and directed them to observe patience by saying “Innaa lillaahi wa innaa ilayhi raaji’oon”. A number of authentic Ahaadith are available on the subject. To quote only one of them: “He is not from our group who slaps his checks, tears his clothes and cries in the manner of the people of jahiliyyah“. (Sahih Bukhari) All the authentic jurists are unanimous on the point that the mourning of this type is absolutely impermissible. Even Sayyiduna Husain Radhiyallahu Anhu shortly before his demise, had advised his beloved sister Sayyidah Zainab Radhiyallaha Anha not to mourn over his death in this manner. He said, “My dear sister, I swear upon you that, in case I die, you shall not tear your clothes, nor scratch your face, nor curse anyone for me or pray for your death”. (Al-Kamil, ibn Kathir vol. 4 pg. 24) It is evident from this advice of Sayyiduna Husain Radhiyallahu Anhu that this type of mourning is condemned even by the blessed person for the memory of whom these mourning ceremonies are held. Every Muslim should avoid this practice and abide by the teachings of the Holy Prophet Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam and his beloved grandchild Sayyiduna Husain Radhiyallahu Anhu. Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) Council of Muslim Theologians

Secure your future Generally, no minority in any country feels assured of complete safety unless they enter into an accord with the locals. Accords of safety and peace treaties are generally agreed to verbally or in writing. Islam teaches us to also take this precaution, and to even win over the hearts of the indigenous through action. Before emigrating to Madinah, Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam) first took assurances from the Ansar when they met in Mina. This is referred to as “Bai’atul Aqabah” in which the few dignitaries of Madinah pledged their support to Islam and the Muslims. In Islamic history, there were several such accords at different periods and in various places. One of the first of its kind was the agreement between the Muslims and the Abyssinian king, Negus. Whilst reducing agreements to writing is of utmost importance, more important and undoubtedly more effective are those agreements that are based on action and qualities. Islamophobia in the time of the Sahabah There are numerous instances in that era of false propaganda against Islam and Rasulullah (sallallahu’alayhi wasallam). In equally many cases, those myths were easily dispelled when the innocent public were exposed to the true teachings of Islam. In the case of Negus, he had summoned the few Sahabah (radiyallahu ‘anhum) who emigrated to his country to investigate their motives. The Kuffar of Makkah had sent an envoy to the African King with the purpose of “bad mouthing” the Sahabah (radiyallahu ‘anhum) so that Negus may return them to Makkah. This envoy had sought to paint a false picture of the Sahabah (radiyallahu ‘anhum) claiming that: these were a group of naive mischievous youngsters who have forsaken their religion and have engaged in innovation. Negus asked the Sahabah (radiyallahu ‘anhum) to respond to their allegations. Sayyiduna Ja’far (radiyallahu ‘anhu), the cousin of Rasulullah (sallallahu’alayhi wasallam) stood up and explained the reality to the king. The following is a summary of what he said: “Honourable King! We were an ignorant nation who used to worship idols of stone, commit all sorts of vice, sever family ties and harm our neighbors. The powerful among us would devour the weak. Allah Ta’ala then sent to us a Prophet from among us, who exhorted our people to worship Allah alone, and not things of stone. He commanded us to speak the truth, to maintain family ties, fulfill the rights of our neighbours and to safeguard our trusts. He forbade us from: murder, vice, lies and from devouring the wealth of the weak…” (Hayatus Sahabah, vol.1 pg.455) When Negus was exposed to these sublime teachings, he spontaneously rejected the request of the disbelieving envoys from Makkah and gave asylum to the Sahabah (radiyallahu ‘anhum). In fact, he actually accepted Islam on the hands of Sayyiduna Ja’far (radiyallahu ‘anhu). (Hayatus Sahabah, vol.1 pg.168) Our Current Dilemma Today too we are faced with a similar situation; Islam and the Muslims are at the wrong end in the media. Almost every misdeed has to be linked to Islam. False notions of Islam are spreading rapidly. As Muslims who are either direct victims or potential victims of such flak, we are duty bound to dispel all misconceptions. This could be done vocally by following the correct procedures, but even more effective will be our practical demonstration of the sublime teachings of Islam just as Sayyiduna Ja’far (radiyallahu ‘anhu) did. This will go a long way in changing the picture. After all Sayyiduna Ja’far (radiyallahu ‘anhu) did so in Africa as well. How to make Peace with Fellow Humans When Rasulullah (sallallahu’alayhi wasallam) first arrived in Madinah Munawwarah after emigrating from Makkah, his opening statement was: “O People! Spread the Salam (greeting of peace), Feed the masses, and offer (Tahajjud) Salah at night while the rest are asleep, (if you do so) you will gracefully enter Paradise.” (Sunan Tirmidhi: Hadith 2485). These were his advices to the Muslims who had just arrived in a foreign land. They were people who would be interacting with non muslims too. Two of these three guidelines for safe entry into Jannah pertain to our interaction with the locals. This golden advice is more applicable today than it was then. With the brutality of the xenophobic attacks here in South Africa still fresh in our minds, this sublime solution can prevent the situation from worsening… Therefore each of these teachings should be implemented in the most effective of ways; Spreading the message of peace through our action; by being more kind and considerate in our dealings etc. and more importantly, by spreading the religion of peace among the indigenous people coupled with our support for local humanitarian causes. Sane men do not harm those who are of their benefit. Feeding schemes among the indigenous should be arranged by each able community. After all: “The best way to a man’s heart is his stomach.” This is a humanitarian duty on all those who can afford it. The hearts of men are in the control of Allah Ta’ala. Therefore the best option is to resort to earnest du’a to Allah Ta’ala, especially during the last portion of the night. By implementing these prescriptions, we will insha-Allah go a long way in securing our future; in this world as well as the Hereafter. Failure to do so could be detrimental to us in both! The current crisis in Myanmar is deeply saddening, but should also serve as an eye opener to every other Muslim-minority globally. May Allah Ta’ala restore the glory days of Islam worldwide. Soon, very soon. Amin. al-miftah

Practising on the Entire Deen Hazrat Shaikh Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya (rahmatullahi ‘alaih) once mentioned: Imaam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah) selected five Ahaadith from five hundred thousand Ahaadith. These five Ahaadith are such that through practising on them, one will be practising on the entire Deen. After Imaam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah), Imaam Abu Dawood (rahimahullah) selected four thousand eight hundred Ahaadith from five hundred thousand Ahaadith and compiled them into his kitaab, Sunan Abi Dawood. From these Ahaadith four thousand eight hundred Ahaadith which he compiled into his kitaab, he selected four Ahaadith and stated that the one who practises on them will be practising upon the entire Deen. All these four Ahaadith are among the five Ahaadith that Imaam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah) had selected. Imaam Abu Dawood (rahimahullah) did not select the fifth Hadith as he understood that the meaning of the fifth Hadith can be included in the other four Ahaadith. Imaam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah) passed away in the year 150 A.H. Imaam Abu Dawood (rahimahullah) was born fifty two years later, in the year 202 A.H. From this, it seems possible that Imaam Abu Dawood (rahimahullah) had taken this view from Imaam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah). These four Ahaadith are: إنما الأعمال بالنيات إلخ (The acceptance of) all actions are based on the intentions (with which the actions were carried out). لا يكون المؤمن مؤمنا حتى يرضى لأخيه ما يرضى لنفسه One will not be a true believer until he wishes for his brother that which he wishes for himself. من حسن إسلام المرأ تركه ما لايعنيه From the beauty of a person’s Islam is that he leaves out that which does not concern him. الحلال بين والحرام بين وبينهما مشبهات لا يعلمها كثير من الناس فمن اتقى المشبها استبرأ لدينه وعرضه إلخ Halaal is clear and haraam is clear, and between the halaal and haraam are such things which are doubtful and many people do not know it. The one who abstains from these doubtful things will protect his Deen and his honor. (Suhbat Baa Awliyaa pg. 94-97) ihyauddeen.co.za

The Prophet’s (ﷺ) advice to Sayyiduna Anas رضي الله عنه By: Moulana Muhammad bin Haroon Source: Al-Miftah In an absolutely captivating style, the Nabi of Allah (ﷺ) offered the following priceless counsel to his devoted servant, Sayyiduna Anas (رضي الله عنه). Sayyiduna Anas ibn Malik (رضي الله عنه) reports that Rasulullah (ﷺ) arrived in Madinah when I was a young eight-year-old. My Mother took me by my hand to him and said: “O Messenger of Allah, every man and woman of Madinah has presented you with a gift. I have nothing else to offer besides this child of mine. Please accept him as your servant for all your needs.” I served the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) for ten years. During this time he never beat me, abuse or even scold at me. He never gave me an angry look. The first advice he gave me was: “O my son! Keep my secrets confidential, and you will become a true believer” Sayyiduna Anas (رضي الله عنه) says: “I never disclosed the secrets of Rasulullah (ﷺ) to anyone, despite the requests of my mother and the wives of Rasulullah (ﷺ).” He also told me: “O my son! Be thorough in your Wudhu and the two angels (who are recording your deeds) will love you. Your life will also be increased." O Anas! Ensure that you bathe from Janabat (the obligatory bath) properly, if you do so all sins and evil will leave you.” Sayiduna Anas (رضي الله عنه) enquired: “How do I do that?” Rasulullah (ﷺ) said: “wet the roots of the hair and clean/rub the skin” O my Son! If you can, then remain in the state of wudu continuously, for if death comes to someone in the state of wudu, he acquires Shahada (the rank of the martyrs) O my son! If you have the ability to constantly send salutations upon me then do so, the angels will beg Allah to forgive you. O my son! Try to offer some (nafl) salah in your home too. O Anas! When you make ruku ensure that you spread your fingers apart while grasping your knees, and that you keep your elbows away from your body. O my Son! When you raise your head from ruku allow all your limbs to settle in their original positions. Allah will not look on the day of Judgement to the one who doesn’t straighten his back when waking up from ruku. O my son! When you make Sajdah, place your head and palms firmly on the ground. Do not make sajdah (hastily) like the pecking of a rooster. Do not sit (in salah) like fox or dogs squats. Refrain from turning about in salah, as this is destruction. If need be then (it is allowed) in the optional prayer, not the Fardh. O my son! If when you leave your house, you make salam to whichever Muslim you see, you will return home forgiven. Also keep in mind that every other Muslim is better than you. O my son! Whenever you enter your house, say salam upon yourself and your family. [this will be a source of Barakah (blessing) for you and them] O my Son! If you are able to spend your day and night without having malice for anybody in your heart, then do so as this will make your hisab (accountability in the court of Allah) easy. O my son! This is my Sunnah. Whoever revives/ loves my Sunnah loves me, and will be with me in Jannah. O my son! If you follow my advice, there will be nothing more beloved to you than death.” (Musnad Abi Ya’la & Al-Mu’jamus Saghir, see Majma’uz zawaaid, vol.1 pgs. 271-272) Jamiatul Ulama (KZN) Council of Muslim Theologians

Part Seven The Special Du‘aa of Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam): Hazrat ‘Aa’ishah bint Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anha), the daughter of Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu), narrates the following from Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu): During the Battle of Uhud, (when the enemy had attacked from the rear and many Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) were killed on the battlefield,) the Sahaabah (radhiyallahu ‘anhum) could not find Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) and were moving about in confusion. At that time, I moved aside and said to myself, “I will continue to fight the kuffaar and defend my life. In the process of fighting, I will either gain martyrdom or Allah Ta‘ala will allow me to remain. If I survive this battle then surely I will get to meet Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam).” In this state, I suddenly saw a man covering his face due to which I could not recognize him. The disbelievers advanced towards him until I said to myself, “They have pursued him until they have finally reached him!” At that moment, the man filled his hand with pebbles and flung them into the faces of the disbelievers, causing them to turn on their heels and retreat until they reached the mountain. The man repeated this action multiple times (when the disbelievers attempted to attack him), and I did not know who he was (as I could not see his face). Between myself and this man was Hazrat Miqdaad bin Aswad (radhiyallahu ‘anhu). I had just decided to ask Hazrat Miqdaad (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) who this great man was when Hazrat Miqdaad (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) said to me, “O Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu)! This is Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) who is calling you!” I asked Hazrat Miqdaad (radhiyallahu ‘anhu), “Where is Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam)?” In response, Hazrat Miqdaad (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) gestured towards the very same man. Realizing that this man was none other than the beloved Rasul of Allah Ta‘ala (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam), I immediately stood in my place, and out of extreme happiness, I became totally oblivious of my wounds. Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) said to me, “O Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu)! Where have you been?” I responded, “I was at a distance from you, from where I could see you.” Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) then seated me before him and I began to fire arrows while saying, “O Allah! This is your arrow, so make it strike your enemy!” While I was firing, Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) was making du‘aa for me saying, “O Allah! Accept the du‘aa of Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu)! O Allah! Make the arrows of Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) strike the target! Continue to fire arrows, O Sa’d! May my father and mother be sacrificed for you!” I did not fire a single arrow except that Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) repeated this du‘aa and these words. Finally, when I had depleted all the arrows in my quiver, Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) spread out the arrows of his quiver. Rasulullah (sallallahu ‘alaihi wasallam) then handed me an arrow with fletching (i.e. with feathers). Imaam Zuhri (rahimahullah) has mentioned that Hazrat Sa’d (radhiyallahu ‘anhu) fired 1000 arrows during the Battle of Uhud. (Mustadrak Haakim #4314) Source: Whatisislam.co.za

What to do at the time of Natural Catastrophes

ATROCITIES IN PREDOMINANTLY MUSLIM COUNTRIES Question: Asalamualaikum I have read many publications on the atrocities in Muslim countries. They all say it is punishment from Allah. How is that conclusion made? Can it not be a test of Allah? Why only punishment? Your comments Mufti Saheb. Answer: In the Name of Allaah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh. You enquire regarding whether the various atrocities in predominantly Muslim countries are a punishment from Allaah Ta’aala or a test of their Imaan. No one can make an absolute claim in that regard as nobody knows with certainty the reason behind Allaah’s will in those atrocities. The observations made by people are at most probabilities. It is incorrect to regard the various atrocities as the punishment of Allaah Ta’aala with certainty. The atrocities could probably be a punishment from Him or they could be a test of their Imaan. However, if people are disobedient to Allaah and openly violating His laws, then the atrocities could probably be a punishment from Him. If people are obedient to Allaah Ta’āla and practice upon Deen, then the atrocities are probably a test of their Imaan. It would be incorrect to dismiss the atrocities as a test of Imaan while Allaah Ta’āla is being disobeyed and people carry out sinful activities like zinaa (fornication), stealing, injustice, etc. Reflect upon the following verse: ظَهَرَ الْفَسَادُ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ أَيْدِي النَّاسِ لِيُذِيقَهُمْ بَعْضَ الَّذِي عَمِلُوا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْجِعُونَ Translation: Corruption has appeared throughout the land and sea by [reason of] what the hands of people have earned so He may let them taste part of [the consequence of] what they have done that perhaps they will return [to righteousness]. (Surah Ar-Room v.41) وَلَنُذِيقَنَّهُمْ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ الْأَدْنَى دُونَ الْعَذَابِ الْأَكْبَرِ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَرْجِعُونَ Translation: And we will surely let them taste the nearer punishment short of the greater punishment that perhaps they will repent. (Surah As-Sajdah v.21) Rasulullaah (Sallallaahu ‘alaihi wasallam) is reported to have said: من يعمل سوءا يجز به في الدنيا Translation: “Whoever does evil, he shall be recompensed in this life.” (Ahmad) 1 It would also be incorrect to regard the atrocities as punishment from Allaah Ta’āla when He is being obeyed and the laws of Shariah are fulfilled. In such a situation, one should seek refuge in taqdeer and regard the atrocities as a test of one’s Imaan. Consider the following, أَحَسِبَ النَّاسُ أَنْ يُتْرَكُوا أَنْ يَقُولُوا آمَنَّا وَهُمْ لَا يُفْتَنُونَ (2) وَلَقَدْ فَتَنَّا الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ فَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا وَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ الْكَاذِبِينَ (3) Translation: Do the people think that they will be left to say, "We believe" and they will not be tried? But We have certainly tried those before them, and Allah will surely make evident those who are truthful, and He will surely make evident the liars. (Surah Al-‘Ankaboot v.3) وَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَلَيَعْلَمَنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ Translation: And Allah will surely make evident those who believe, and He will surely make evident the hypocrites. (Surah Al-‘Ankaboot v.11) وَلَنَبْلُوَنَّكُمْ بِشَيْءٍ مِنَ الْخَوْفِ وَالْجُوعِ وَنَقْصٍ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَالْأَنْفُسِ وَالثَّمَرَاتِ وَبَشِّرِ الصَّابِرِينَ Translation: And We will surely test you with something of fear and hunger and a loss of wealth and lives and fruits, but give good tidings to the patient. (Surah Al-Baqarah v.155) And Allaah Ta’āla Knows Best Muajul I. Chowdhury Student Darul Iftaa New York, USA Checked and Approved by, Mufti Ebrahim Desai.